What is the difference between alcohol and liquor?

What are liqueurs?

What are the types of liquor? How beer, wine, whiskey and Rum are different?

Answer:

Alcohol is a compound found in alcoholic drinks, while liquor is a name for these drinks. So for example one might say "I'm drinking liquor, which contains alcohol."

A liqueur is an alcoholic beverage that has been flavored with fruit, herbs, nuts, spices, flowers, or cream and bottled with added sugar. Liqueurs are typically quite sweet; they are usually not aged for long but may have resting periods during their production to allow flavors to marry.

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits.

BEER Process: Fermentation, Alcohol Percentage: 4 to 6 but may be upto 20

WINE Process: Fermentation, Alcohol Percentage: 9 to 16

SPIRITS includes : whiskey, Vodka, Gin, Rum, Brandy, Champagne, Tequila and others.

Process: Fermentation and Distillation. Alcohol Percentage: atleast 20.

CHAMPAGNE

Champagne is a sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle secondary fermentation of the wine to effect carbonation. It is produced exclusively within the Champagne region of France,[1] from which it takes its name.

The primary grapes used in the production of Champagne are Pinot noir, Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier. Champagne appellation law only allows grapes grown according to appellation rules in specifically designated plots within the appellation to be used in the production of Champagne.

Whiskey

Whiskey is distilled from grain mash and aged in oak barrels. First distilled by monks in Ireland in 1405, nowadays whiskey has the image of belonging to the cowboys of the wild west. There are many different types of whiskey. I'll briefly review the most popular types.

Scotch whiskey is from Scotland and is normally distilled at least twice. It is aged in oak barrels for at least three years and is usually a blend of both malt and grain whiskies. Single malt whiskies are the most sought after of the Scotch whiskies.

Irish whiskey is distilled at least three times and is always aged in wooden barrels for at least three years, often much longer. Irish whiskey is distilled in single malt, single grain, and blended varieties.

American whiskey is comprised of three main categories. Bourbon whiskey which is at least 51% corn, Rye whiskey which must be at least 51% rye, and corn whiskey which must be at least 80% corn. American whiskey is aged in oak barrels which can be as brief as six months for corn whiskey.

Vodka

Vodka is a clear, tasteless and odorless liquor distilled from anything from grain, to potatoes, to molasses. Vodka is traditionally drunk neat in Europe, while in the US mixers are usually added to create various cocktails. Originally produced in Poland, Vodka is the most popular liquor in Russia.

Vodka is famous for its lack of flavor. It's neutral flavor allows it to be successfully mixed with a wide variety of mixers and typically does not leave a detectable smell of liquor upon one's breath. Vodka is must be at least 80 proof but not over 110 proof.

Tequila

Tequila is made from the agave plant in Mexico and is normally around 80 proof. Being the main ingredient in Margaritas, Tequila is one of the most popular liquors in the world. As a bartender you'll soon become very familiar with the many types of tequila available.

Anejo is a form of tequila that is aged and sipped neat. Cheaper tequilas are fine for mixed drinks, but Anejo is preferred for shots as the aging takes some of the bite out of the liquor.

Rum

Rum, the favorite drink of Blackbeard himself! Both pirates and navy men used to drink grog, a potent mixture of rum, lime juice, and sugar water. The worst hangover I ever experienced was thanks to a bottle of rum. Merely writing about rum brings to my stomach a twinge of nausea.

Produced prominently in the Caribbean, rum is distilled from sugar and aged in oak barrels. Light rums are the most popular and are used in cocktails such as daiquiris. Dark rums are distilled through a slower process which allows them to develop a stronger, bolder character. Dark rum is normally sipped neat (straight up).

Gin

Gin is a very dry spirit made from grain and flavored with juniper berries. The classic gin and tonic is a drink you'll come across daily when working as a bartender. Gin is also the base ingredient for the ever popular martini.

Gin is usually sold with a proof around 80 and is clear in color, although some varieties can have a yellowish color due to being aged in barrels. Gin is often very reasonably priced and is known as the "drinker's drink."

Brandy

Brandy is a spirit distilled from mashed fruit, often grapes. Known as "fire wine" it has been popular for hundreds of years. Brandy is aged in oak casks from which it derives its rich color. Normally 80 proof, brandy is a traditional after dinner drink and is used frequently in cooking.

Fine Brandy can cost a pretty penny. Cognac, one of the most popular forms of brandy gets its name from a region in France of the same name. Cognac is double distilled using pot stills, also used in the production of Whiskey.

Brandy is normally imbibed at room temperature or very slightly warmed. It is served in a snifter. Brandy is graded based on its age.

WINE

Wine is an alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, or other nutrients.[2] Grape wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes the sugars in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different types of wine.
Wines made from other fruits, such as apples and berries, are normally named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine or elderberry wine) and are generically called fruit wine
Wine is produced from grapes, and fruit wine is produced from fruits such as plums, cherries, or apples. Wine involves a longer (complete) fermentation process and a long aging process (months or years) that results in an alcohol content of 9%–16% ABV. Sparkling wine can be made by adding a small amount of sugar before bottling, which causes a secondary fermentation to occur in the bottle.

Beer

Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches which are mainly derived from cereal grains — most commonly malted barley although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. The alcoholic strength of beer is usually 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (ABV), but it may be less than 1% or more than 20%

FERMENTATION & DISTILLATION

FERMENTATION & DISTILLATION PROCESS

All spirits go through at least two procedures, the fermentation process and the distillation process. Fermentation is where all alcohol is created; distillation is where the alcohol is separated and removed. In order for fermentation to occur, two things are needed: a raw material (in liquid form) that contains sugar, followed by the addition of yeast. Yeast is a living organism that feeds on sugar; the bi-product of this consumption is alcohol and carbon dioxide (Co2). A simple formula for fermentation is:

YEAST + SUGAR = ALCOHOL + Co2

Once all the sugar is consumed, the yeast dies off and in most cases the Co2 is freely dissipated into the air while the alcohol, of course, remains in the liquid. Until it has been distilled, a fermented product is not considered a spirit, even though it contains alcohol. Distillation is the removal of the alcohol from what has been fermented. To distill the fermented product, a STILL is needed.

The general concept is as follows:

The evaporation point for alcohol is 173ƒ Fahrenheit, whereas water does not begin to evaporate until 212ƒ Fahrenheit. Therefore, if you raise the temperature in the still above 173ƒ, keeping it below 212ƒ, then only the alcohol will evaporate. These alcoholic fumes can now be removed, condensed (cooled) bringing them back into liquid form-capturing the spirit

Beer, Wine, Whiskey and Rum. Are they differ?

What is the difference between alcohol and liquor?

What are liqueurs?

What are the types of liquor? How beer, wine, whiskey and Rum are different?

Answer:

Alcohol is a compound found in alcoholic drinks, while liquor is a name for these drinks. So for example one might say "I'm drinking liquor, which contains alcohol."

A liqueur is an alcoholic beverage that has been flavored with fruit, herbs, nuts, spices, flowers, or cream and bottled with added sugar. Liqueurs are typically quite sweet; they are usually not aged for long but may have resting periods during their production to allow flavors to marry.

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits.

BEER Process: Fermentation, Alcohol Percentage: 4 to 6 but may be upto 20

WINE Process: Fermentation, Alcohol Percentage: 9 to 16

SPIRITS includes : whiskey, Vodka, Gin, Rum, Brandy, Champagne, Tequila and others.

Process: Fermentation and Distillation. Alcohol Percentage: atleast 20.

Who is VED VYAS

Ved Vyas or Vyasa appears for the first time as the author of, and an important character in the Mahabharat. He was the son of Satyawati (also known as Matsyagandha), daughter of a ferryman or fisherman, and the wandering sage Parashar. He was born on an island in the river Yamuna, while another reference says that Ved Vyas was born in Nepal in Tanahaun District at Damauli at the confluence of river Seti and Madi.

The sage Parashar while traveling attracted by the glory of Satyawati. He approached her and asked her femininity. Satyavati either of desire or of fear of refusing the sage agreed to give herself to Parashar. She was worried of her future as being unmarried and giving herself to a male will lead to ruin of her and her fathers' respect in the society. Then sage Parashar assures her that although she will be used but she will be returned to her family safe and secure.

Parashar and Satyavati has sex and a child was born named "Ved Vyasa". Then Parassar accompanied Satyavati to her home and requested to Satyavati's father to allow him to take Satyavati with him. He said that he will keep her as her maid and will teach her with Ved. Satyavati's father have doubt of her daughters feminine destruction. But sage Parashar assured that he will return her daughter virgin.

Parasher took her and a child was born in a island near river Yamuna and named as "Ved Vyasa" or " Dwaipayana" as he born on an island. Later Parashar returned Stayavati to her father with much learning. Her father to be assured, permitted her daughter to be checked by a midwife, and she later found to be virgin.

Satyavati returned to her normal life and Ved Vyasa being taken care of by Parashar, his father.
Ved Vyasa wrote his story which became the Mahabharata because of the following:

• Stayawati later married with King Shantanu of Hastinapur.
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• Shantanu earlier married with Ganga and a child was born called Gangadatta or Bhisma.
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• Shantanu and Satyawati had two son, Chitrangada and Vichitravirya.
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• Chitrangada died early, and Vichitravirya married with two sisters Ambika and Ambalika. Although he was about to marry three sisters another was Amba, but due to her love with Salva, Vichitravirya married with two sisters Ambika and Ambalika.
• 
  
• Unfortunately, shortly after his marriage, Vichitravirya died . As he died without an heir, Bhishma was asked by Satyavatī to produce the next generation by Vichitravirya's wives, Ambika and Ambalika. But Bhishma declined this as he had already vowed to remain celibate for life. He instructed Satyavatī to instead summon her son Ved Vyasa to father grandchildren for her. Ved Vyasa was invited to sleep with Ambika and Ambalika. Ved Vyasa calculated days and on visiting Ambika found her to close her eyes out of fear. Another day Vedvyasa visited Ambalika and she out of fear turned pale.
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• Vedvyasa told Satyavati (his mother that the son of Ambika will be blind and son of Ambalika will be pale yellow.
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• Listening this Satyavati asked him to have sex with Ambalika second time. But Ambalika already had the fruit, sent her maid to bed with Ved Vyasa.
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• Dhritarashtra was born of Ambika, Pandu of Ambalika and out of the maid was born Vidur.

The family tree might help.

Thus Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Vidur were the son of Ved Vyasa, and so Ved Vyasa wrote Mahabharata which is the story of his family.

Sewing Machine Lockstitch

A sewing machine is a textile machine used to stitch fabric, with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first to decrease the amount of manual sewing.

A sewing machine uses many techniques for interlacing of thread but popular one is Lockstitch.

Lockstitch

Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most household sewing machines and most industrial "single needle" sewing machines from two threads, one passed through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or shuttle. Each thread stays on the same side of the material being sewn, interlacing with the other thread at each needle hole by means of a bobbin driver. As a result, a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn; it does not need to be near an edge.

The lockstitch uses two threads, an upper and a lower. Lockstitch is so named because the two threads, upper and lower, "lock" (entwine) together in the hole in the fabric which they pass through. The upper thread runs from a spool kept on a spindle on top of or next to the machine, through a tension mechanism, through the take-up arm, and finally through the hole in the needle. Meanwhile the lower thread is wound onto a bobbin, which is inserted into a case in the lower section of the machine below the material.

To make one stitch, the machine lowers the threaded needle through the cloth into the bobbin area, where a rotating hook (or other hooking mechanism) catches the upper thread at the point just after it goes through the needle. The hook mechanism carries the upper thread entirely around the bobbin case, so that it has made one wrap of the bobbin thread. Then the take-up arm pulls the excess upper thread (from the bobbin area) back to the top, forming the lockstitch. Then the feed dogs pull the material along one stitch length, and the cycle repeats.

LATITUDE & LONGITUDE

These are the imaginary lines made to plot the earth on two dimensional coordinate system. In two dimensional coordinate system the horizontal axis is called as x-axis and vertical axis in known as y-axis. So the earth's x-axis or horizontal axis is called equator. The vertical axis or y-axis is called as Prime Meridian is at Greenwich, England.

But unlike the coordinate system whose axes tends to infinite, the earths axes are finite and are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. The longitude is measured as 180 deg.on right side of y-axis called 180 deg East and 180 deg on left side is called as 180 deg. West.


LATITUDES LONGITUDES



Similarly the latitudes is measured as 90 deg North above the x-axis or equator and 90 deg South below the equator.


Why we demarcate the Earth?

It is similar to locate a point on a coordinate system. With the measurement of latitude and longitude we can locate any place on the Earth. Suppose we want to know where 'Delhi' is located. If the answer is "Delhi has a longitude of 77 deg 13'E and latitude of 28 deg 39'N".
It means that on East side that is right side on Prime Meridian by 77 deg 13' and North side of equator by 28 deg 39'.




Where these angles are formed as we measure in degrees?


Imagine the Earth was a transparent sphere (actually the shape is slightly oval; because of the Earth's rotation, its equator bulges out a little). Through the transparent Earth (drawing) we can see its equatorial plane, and its middle the point is O, the center of the Earth.

To specify the latitude of some point P on the surface, draw the radius OP to that point. Then the elevation angle of that point above the equator is its latitude λ--northern latitude if north of the equator, southern (or negative) latitude if south of it.

Every meridian must cross the equator. Since the equator is a circle, we can divide it--like any circle--into 360 degrees, and the longitude φ of a point is then the marked value of that division where its meridian meets the equator.

Longitude lines or "meridians"

What that value is depends of course on where we begin to count--on where zero longitude is. For historical reasons, the meridian passing the old Royal Astronomical Observatory in Greenwich, England, is the one chosen as zero longitude. Located at the eastern edge of London, the British capital, the observatory is now a public museum and a brass band stretching across its yard marks the "prime meridian."

LEAP YEAR

A leap year (or intercalary or bissextile year) is a year containing one extra day in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.

In the Gregorian calendar (a common solar calendar), February in a leap year has 29 days instead of the usual 28, so the year lasts 366 days instead of the usual 365. Similarly,

In the Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are evenly divisible by 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Adding an extra day to the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a solar year by almost 6 hours.

However, some exceptions to this rule are required since the duration of a solar year is slightly less than 365.25 days. Years that are evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, unless they are also evenly divisible by 400, in which case they are leap years. For example, 1600 and 2000 were leap years, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not. Similarly, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2900 and 3000 will not be leap years, but 2400 and 2800 will be. By this rule, the average number of days per year will be 365 + 1/4 − 1/100 + 1/400 = 365.2425, which is 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 12 seconds.

What does 'A' rated movie mean?

The Central Board of Film Certification (popularly known as the Censor Board) is a government of India regulatory body and censorship board of India by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. It reviews, rates and censors motion pictures, shows, television ads and promotional material. It regulates the public exhibition of films in India under the provisions of The Cinematograph Act 1952. Films can be publicly exhibited in India only after certification by the Board.

The CBFC currently issues the following certificates.

Symbol	Name	Definition/Notes
U	Universal	All ages admitted, there is nothing unsuitable for children. Films under this category should not upset children over 4.
U/A	Parental Guidance	All ages admitted, but certain scenes may be unsuitable for children under 12.
A	Adults Only	Only adults are admitted. Nobody younger than 18 may rent or buy an A-rated VHS, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, UMD or game, or watch a film in the cinema with this rating. Films under this category do not have limitation on the bad language that is used. Hard drugs are generally allowed, and strong violence/sex references along with non-detailed sexual activity is also allowed.
S	Restricted to any special class of persons	This rating signifies that the film is meant for a specialised audience, such as doctors.